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Innovations in Controlled Low-Strength Material (Flowable Fill)

Hitch JL

ASTM International Committee D18.15 sponsored the Symposium on Innovations in Controlled Low-Strength Material (Flowable Fill) in June 2002. This STP contains papers presented at that symposium. The purpose of this symposium was to continue to increase awareness of CLSM by presenting new design procedures, current research, unique project applications, and innovative installation techniques.

The use of Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) has increased dramatically over the past two decades. It is continuing to gain acceptance in the construction industry despite the rather new technology and limited number of test methods available. Innovations in the field of CLSM continue to push the technology and create higher quality products. The information presented at the symposium was intended to help ASTM Subcommittee D 18.15 assess the need for new or improved standards to add to the current five standards concerning CLSM under their jurisdiction.

CLSM is also known as flowable fill, flow fill, controlled density fill, soil-cement slurry, and K-crate TM, among others. It is a mixture of cementitious material (portland cement or Class C fly ash), fly ash, soil and/or aggregates, water, and possibly chemical admixtures that, as the cementitious material hydrates, forms a soil replacement material. CLSM is used in place of compacted backfill or unsuitable native soil with the most common uses as pipe embedment and backfill.

The papers included in this STP are grouped into three areas – innovative ingredients, engineering property analysis, pipeline and applications.

The papers contained in the innovative ingredients section explore the use of non-traditional ingredients in CLSM and report on suitability or limitations. The engineering property analysis section included papers that use existing ASTM test methods and explore new methods to measure parameters, such as excavatibility.

The STP also includes copies of ASTM standards on CLSM from 2002 including

  • D4832 Standard Test Method For Preparation and Testing of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Test Cylinders
  • D5971 Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Controlled Low-Strength Material
  • D6023 Standard Test Method for Unit Weight, Yield, Cement Content, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM)
  • D6024 Standard Test Method for Ball Drop On Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) to Determine Suitability for Load Application
  • D6103 Standard Test Method for Flow Consistency of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM)

This STP provides critical technical information related to the use and testing of CLSM. The papers highlight the innovations in technology, test methods and material science that have occurred during the evolution of CLSM.