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ASTM D 6044 Document Information:
Title
Standard Guide for Representative Sampling for Management of Waste and Contaminated Media
ASTM International
Publication Date:
Nov 10, 1996
Scope:
This guide covers the definition of representativeness in
environmental sampling, identifies
sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and
describes the attributes that a
representative sample or a representative set of samples should
possess. For convenience, the term"
representative sample" is used in this guide to denote both a
representative sample and a
representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text.
This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be
obtained from a population.
The purpose of the representative sample is to provide information
about a statistical parameter(s)
(such as mean) of the population regarding some characteristic(s)
(such as concentration) of its
constituent(s) (such as lead). This process includes the following
stages: (1) minimization of
sampling bias and optimization of precision while taking the physical
samples, (2) minimization of
measurement bias and optimization of precision when analyzing the
physical samples to obtain data,
and (3) minimization of statistical bias when making inference from
the sample data to the
population. While both bias and precision are covered in this guide,
major emphasis is given to
bias reduction.
This guide describes the attributes of a representative sample and
presents a general methodology
for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide
specific or comprehensive
sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that
proper and adequate procedures
are used.
The assessment of the representativeness of a sample is not covered in
this guide since it is not
possible to ever know the true value of the population.
Since the purpose of each sampling event is unique, this guide does
not attempt to give a step by
step account of how to develop a sampling design that results in the
collection of representative
samples.
Appendix X1 contains two case studies, which discuss the factors for
obtaining representative
samples.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
Keywords:
- bias
- contaminated media
- precision
- representative
- sample
- waste
- waste management
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