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ASTM E 1207 Document Information:
Title
Standard Practice for The Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
ASTM International
Publication Date:
Nov 10, 2002
Scope:
This practice provides procedures which may be used in the design and
analysis of studies to
quantitatively assess the intensity of human axillary odor for the
purpose of substantiating
deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
This practice includes protocols for the selection and training of
judges, selection of subjects,
experimental design, and statistical analysis. This practice is
limited to assessment of axillary
odor by trained judges. Self-evaluation protocols are valid for
selected sensory tasks but may be
less sensitive.
With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory
glands are present in the
axillae which participate to a greater or lesser extent in its
production - eccrine, apocrine, and
sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the apocrine
gland secretion (1).(Footnote
2) Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the
secretory portion of the apocrine
gland (2) and the density of the glands.
Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in
conjunction with axillary hairs (3).
Pure apocrine sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results
from degradation of apocrine
sweat by resident skin bacteria (4). High bacterial populations are
found in moist regions of the
body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment
for growth (5).
Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through thermally and
emotionally induced secretions (6).
The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials
which absorb and retain the
volatile materials resulting from bacterial action (7). The aerobic
diphtheroids are able to
produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the micrococcaceae produce
an isovaleric acid-like odor
when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most
undesirable component of axillary odor
is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria
normally found in the axillary
vault.
Personal care products are sold and used primarily for their ability
to reduce the perception of
body odor not only by the individual using the product but also by
individuals within the scope of
contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by these products
through various modes of action.
Antiperspirants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action
of inorganic salts on the
eccrine gland production of sweat. Antimicrobial agents achieve
deodorancy by inhibiting the growth
and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus reducing the
microbial decomposition of
sweat and the consequent production of body odor. Absorbents function
either by "binding" available
moisture or malodorous substances. Fragrances are effective by
altering the perception of malodor
and increasing the degree of "pleasantness." Other modes of control
become important from time to
time, representing changes in the state-of-the-art in product
development.
The studies discussed herein are interpreted through the use of
statistical tests of hypotheses.
These hypotheses are usually of the form:
The Deodorant Efficacy of Treatment A = The Deodorant Efficacy of
Treatment B
It should be noted that failure to reject this hypothesis at a
specified level of significance does
not prove the hypothesis, but merely that the weight of evidence
provided by the experiment is not
sufficient to reject the hypothesis. This could occur because either:
a) The hypothesis is close to
truth and great experimental power would be required to reject it, or
b) The experiment by design
was low in power and, therefore, incapable of rejecting the
hypothesis; even when it is far from
true. This can occur due to design structure or low sample size. These
facts must be taken into
consideration when interpreting study results.
Footnote 2 - The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of
references at the end of this
standard.
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