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API REPORT 117 Document Information:
Title
Thermal Properties of Hydrocarbon Bearing Rocks at High Temperatures and Pressures
American Petroleum Institute
Publication Date:
Jan 1, 1973
Scope:
INTRODUCTION
This report presents a comprehensive review of work undertaken
on American Petroleum Institute Research Project 117 in the
Petroleum Engineering Laboratories, University of California, Berkeley,
down right three year period of July 1, 1969 through June 30, 1972.
The principal objective of the project was to obtain thermal
data, including conductivity, diffusivity, and heat capacity
at temperatures up to 1200°F and pressures to 8000 psi for
typical rock-fluid systems associated with petroleum production. A
secondary objective was the development of correlations which would
make it possible to predict thermal properties and behavior from more
easily measured physical properties of the rock-fluid system.
During the course of the research it was decided that temperatures to
700°F. maximum confining pressure of 4000 psi and pore pressure of
2000 psi would provide more realistic ranges of conditions for
measurement of thermal properties. Correlation of earlier work has
shown that thermal behavior can be predicted up to temperatures of
about 1100°F above which important thermal reactions occur and
correlations are no longer valid. A few tests were to be run at higher
pressures and temperatures to confirm these predictions.
Thermal conductivity has always been considered a difficult property to
measure and wide ranges of values are reported in the literature from
tests on the same material. The wide ranges of values reported for
quartz and for aluminum oxide are shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
These discrepancies result partly from deficiencies in the methods
of measurement but a significant part of the discrepancies is due
to variations in the character of the materials themselves. For example,
the density, porosity, structure, purity and other characteristics may
vary over a wide range and thermal conductivities will vary
accordingly. Figure 3 shows thermal conductivity of Pyroceram brand
glass-ceramic code 9606. This is a very uniform material manufactured
to rigid specifications. It will be noted that thermal conductivity
values given by various investigators are in quite close agreement.
This is due largely to the purity and uniformity of the material
although the fact that this is a relatively new product and
consequently measurements have been made with new, modern testing
equipment, must be responsible in part for the good
agreement.
The difficulty of measuring thermal conductivity and the
large variation of conductivity values with variation in other
physical properties of the material, led to emphasis in the present
work on the prediction of thermal conductivity from other more
easily measureable properties. In addition, methods of prediction of
the effects of environmental conditions on
thermal properties--temperature, pressure and fluid saturation--were
the subject of a considerable amount of investigation.
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