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ASTM D 6282 Document Information:
Title
Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations
ASTM International
Publication Date:
Jul 10, 1998
Scope:
This guide addresses direct push soil samplers, which also may be
driven into the ground from the
surface or through prebored holes. The samplers can be continuous or
discrete interval units.
Samplers are advanced by a combination of static push, or impacts from
hammers, or vibratory
methods, or a combination thereof, to the depth of interest. The guide
does not cover open
chambered samplers operated by hand such as augers, agricultural
samplers operated at shallow
depths, or side wall samplers. This guide does not address single
sampling events in the immediate
base of the drill hole using rotary drilling equipment with
incremental drill hole excavation.
Other sampling standards, such as Test Methods D 1586 and D 1587 and
Practice D 3550 apply to
rotary drilling activities. This guide does not address advancement of
sampler barrel systems with
methods that employ cuttings removal as the sampler is advanced. Other
drilling and sampling
methods may apply for samples needed for engineering and construction
applications.
Guidance on preservation and transport of samples, as given in Guide D
4220, may or may not apply.
Samples for chemical analysis often must be subsampled and preserved
for chemical analysis using
special techniques. Practice D 3694 provides information on some of
the special techniques
required. Additional information on environmental sample preservation
and transportation is
available in other references (1, 2).(Footnote 2) Samples for
classification may be preserved using
procedures similar to Class A. In most cases, a direct push sample is
considered as Class B in
Practice D 4220 but is protected, representative, and suitable for
chemical analysis. The samples
taken with this practice do not usually produce Class C and D (with
exception of thin wall samples
of standard size) samples for testing for engineering properties, such
as shear strength and
compressibility. Guide D 4700 has some information on mechanical soil
sampling devices similar to
direct push techniques, however, it does not address most direct push
sampling methods. If sampling
is for chemical evaluation in the Vadose Zone, consult Guide D 4700
for any special considerations.
Field methods described in this guide, include the use of discreet and
continuous sampling tools,
split and solid barrel samplers and thin walled tubes with or without
fixed piston style apparatus.
Insertion methods described include static push, impact, percussion,
other vibratory/sonic driving,
and combinations of these methods using direct push equipment adapted
to drilling rigs, cone
penetrometer units, and specially designed percussion/direct push
combination machines. Hammers
providing the force for insertion include drop style, hydraulically
activated, air activated and
mechanical lift devices.
Direct push soil sampling is limited to soils and unconsolidated
materials that can be penetrated
with the available equipment. The ability to penetrate strata is based
on hammer energy, carrying
vehicle weight, compactness of soil, and consistency of soil.
Penetration may be limited or damage
to samplers and conveying devices can occur in certain subsurface
conditions, some of which are
discussed in 5.5. Successful sample recovery also may be limited by
the ability to retrieve tools
from the borehole. Sufficient retract force must be available when
attempting difficult or deep
investigations.
This guide does not address the installation of any temporary or
permanent soil, ground water,
vapor monitoring, or remediation devices.
The practicing of direct push techniques may be controlled by local
regulations governing
subsurface penetration. Certification, or licensing requirements, or
both, may need to be
considered in establishing criteria for field activities.
The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard: however,
dimensions used in the
drilling industry are given in inch-pound units by convention.
Inch-pound units are used where
necessary in this guide.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series
of options and does not
recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace
education or experience and
should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all
aspects of this guide may be
applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to
represent or replace the
standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service
must be judged, nor should
this document be applied without consideration of a projects's many
unique aspects. The word
"Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document
has been approved through the
ASTM consensus process.
Footnote 2 - The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of
references at the end of this
standard.
Keywords:
- decontamination
- direct push
- ground water
- sealing
- soil sampling
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