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API MPMS 19.1 Document Information:
Title
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 19 - Evaporative Loss Measurement Section 1 - Evaporative Loss from Fixed-Roof Tanks
American Petroleum Institute
Publication Date:
Mar 1, 2002
Scope:
This publication contains an improved method for estimating the
total evaporative losses or the equivalent atmospheric hydrocarbon
emissions from fixed-roof tanks that contain multicomponent
hydrocarbon mixture stocks (such as petroleum liquid stocks like
crude oils) or single-component hydrocarbon stocks (such as
petrochemical stocks like ethanol). The standing storage loss
equation was improved in the second edition of API Publication 2518
[also identified as API Manual of Petroleum Measurement
Standards, Chapter 19.1 (API MPMS 19.1)] over that which
appeared in the first edition of API Bulletin 2518. The working
loss equation in the second edition of API Publication 2518
remained the same as that in the First Edition. This third edition
utilizes the same equations as those in the second edition, but
presents simplified calculation procedures as well as additional
information.
The following improvements have been incorporated into this
edition:
a. Simplified forms of the emissions estimating equations for
the common scenario of a low volatility liquid (i.e., true vapor
pressure not greater than 0.1 psia) stored in a fixed roof tank
with vents that are either open or have very low set points [i.e.,
not greater than 0.03 pounds (0.5 oz) per square inch].
b. Methods to estimate emissions from horizontal tanks.
c. Methods to account for the vent setting when estimating
emissions from tanks with vent settings greater than 0.03 pounds
(0.5 oz) per square inch (the previous edition accounted for the
vent setting when estimating standing storage loss, but did not
account for the vent setting when estimating working loss).
d. Methods to speciate estimated emissions of individual
chemicals from the estimate of total hydrocarbon emissions for a
multicomponent hydrocarbon mixture.
This publication was developed by the API Committee on
Evaporation Loss Estimation. The equations presented are based on
test-tank and field-tank data. The equations are intended to
provide loss estimates for general equipment types, since it is not
within the scope of this publication to address specific
proprietary equipment designs.
Types of fixed-roof tanks and roof fittings currently available
are described for information only. This publication is not
intended to be used as a guide for equipment design, selection, or
operation.
The equations are intended to be used to estimate average annual
losses from uninsulated fixed-roof tanks for various liquid stocks,
stock vapor pressures, tank sizes, meteorological conditions, and
operating conditions. The equations are applicable to properly
maintained equipment under normal working conditions. The equations
were developed for nonboiling stocks, although volatile liquid
stocks with a true vapor pressure over 1.5 pounds per square inch
absolute are not now typically stored in the U.S. in fixed-roof
tanks. To calculate emissions from tanks that contain material at
or above their boiling point or the point at which material starts
to flash, the API model E&P Tank can be used. Without detailed
field information, the estimation techniques become more
approximate when used to calculate losses for time periods shorter
than one year.
The equations are not intended to be used in the following
applications:
a. To estimate losses from unstable or boiling stocks or from
petroleum liquids or petrochemicals for which the vapor pressure is
not known or cannot readily be predicted.
b. To estimate losses from fixed-roof tanks which have an
internal floating roof.
c. To estimate losses from fixed-roof tanks which have either
roof or shell insulation.
A complete guide for estimating evaporative stock loss or the
equivalent total atmospheric emissions from volatile stocks stored
in fixed-roof tanks is included in 19.1.2. Detailed equations are
given in 19.1.2.1, for vertical aboveground tanks storing liquid
stocks of low volatility at nearly atmospheric conditions. In
addition, the following special cases are addressed in
19.1.2.1.4:
a. Horizontal tanks.
b. Higher volatility stocks (true vapor pressure greater than
0.1 psia).
c. Higher vent settings [breather vent settings,
PBP and PBV , beyond the
typical range of ±0.03 pounds (0.5 oz) per square inch].
A description of how to determine specific values for the
variables included in the equations is given in 19.1.2.2.
References are made to tables and figures that include information
about the most common (typical) values to use when specific
information is not available. The loss-estimation procedures are
summarized in 19.1.2 (Tables 2 and 3). When the procedures in
19.1.2 are applied to a fixed-roof tank storing a multicomponent
hydrocarbon stock, the result is an estimate of the total
hydrocarbon emissions from the tank. Guidance for speciating total
hydrocarbon emissions into the emissions of the individual
components is provided in 19.1.2.3.1. A sample problem estimating
total emissions is presented in 19.1.2.4.
Typical fixed-roof tank construction is described in 19.1.3.
The bases and development of the loss-estimation procedures
presented in 19.1.2 are described in 19.1.4. The estimation
procedures were developed to provide estimates of typical losses
from fixed-roof tanks that are properly maintained and in normal
working condition. Losses from poorly maintained tanks may be
greater. Because the loss equations are based on equipment
conditions that represent a large population of tanks, a loss
estimate for a group of fixed-roof tanks will be more accurate than
a loss estimate for an individual tank. It is difficult to
determine precise values of the loss-related parameters for any
individual tank.
Equipment should not be selected for use based solely on
evaporative-loss considerations. Many other factors not addressed
in this publication, such as tank operation, maintenance, and
safety, are important in designing and selecting tank equipment for
a given application.
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