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API REPORT 79-24 Document Information:
Title
Plant Uptake and Accumulation of Metals Derived from Drilling Fluids
American Petroleum Institute
Publication Date:
Dec 31, 1980
Scope:
ABSTRACT
Because drilling muds are frequently incorporated into soil near well
sites and because little is known about the bioavailability of metals
in drilling fluids, a greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the
effects of applying 3 water-base muds to 2 fertile soils on yield and
metal content of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris) and ryegrass (Lolium
perenne L.). One heat-treated, laboratory mud was prepared from barite
low in toxic metals, one mud was prepared from barite containing
moderate concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cd, and one drilling fluid
contained a mixture of 4 low-grade barites having significant levels
of Hg, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As. The mud prepared from low-grade barites was
included to be representative of a worst case situation. Muds were
mixed with soil in 1:1 and 1:4 ratios and unamended soil treatments
were included as controls. Four or more cuttings of each species were
produced over a 6-month period and yield and metal concentrations in
tissue were determined for each cutting. Acetic acid-soluble, hot
water-soluble, DTPA-extractable and total metals in soil were
determined before and after cropping.
Plants grown in mixtures containing 50% low-metal barite drilling
fluids or 20% and 50% mixed high-metal barite mud had yields which
were only 36 to 96% and 20 to 95%, respectively, of those from the
control soils. The marked decrease in dry matter yields possibly
resulted from soluble salt or Na effects, Zn toxicity, and/or poor
soil physical conditions. Application of moderate rates (20%) of
low-metal barite muds did not lower yields.
The uptake of Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, and As and the concentrations of these
metals in plant leaves were related to the total amount of the metals
in the rooting zone. The Cd concentrations in chard and ryegrass grown
in soils treated with the drilling fluid made from the mixture of
low-grade barites were 7 to 36 and 9 to 44 times higher than plants
from unamended soils. Likewise, the Zn, Cu, Pb, and As concentrations
in chard were increased by 14 to 35, 1 to 3, 5 to 14, and 3 to 4 times
by application of mixed high-metal barite drilling mud. The Zn, Cu,
Pb, and As concentrations in ryegrass plants increased by 16 to 31, 2
to 3, 4 to 25, and 3 to 11 fold when soils were amended with the
high-metal mixed barite mud. These findings suggested that Cd, Zn, Cu,
As, and Pb present in drilling fluids were, in part, available for
plant uptake. Application to soils of drilling fluids prepared from
low metal barite resulted in lower metals concentrations in plant
leaves than was obtained with control soils because of dilution of
natural metal levels in soil. Mercury, Ba, and Cr present in any of
the drilling fluids was not available for plant uptake. In addition,
Ni in drilling muds was not readily taken up by chard and ryegrass.
Extraction of drilling fluid or soil-drilling fluid mixtures with DTPA
reagent or acetic acid was a satisfactory rapid test of plant
availability of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu. Hot water may be a useful
extractant for predicting the availability of As and Ni to plants.
However, the levels of extractable metals were only slightly better
predictors of metal uptake and accumulation by plants then were the
total metal concentrations in soil.
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