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ASTM D 1439 Document Information:
Title
Standard Test Methods for Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose
ASTM International
Publication Date:
Dec 1, 2003
Scope:
This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning
the developmental toxicity of
a test material. The test utilizes embryos of the South African clawed
frog, Xenopus laevis and is
called FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) (1).(Footnote
2) Some of these procedures
will be useful for conducting developmental toxicity tests with other
species of frogs although
numerous modifications might be necessary. A list of alternative
anurans is presented in Appendix
X1.
A renewal exposure regimen and the collection of the required
mortality, malformation, and
growth-inhibition data are described. Special needs or circumstances
might require different types
of exposure and data concerning other effects. Some of these
modifications are listed in Appendix
X2 although other modifications might also be necessary. Whenever
these procedures are altered or
other species used, the results of tests might not be comparable
between modified and unmodified
procedures. Any test that is conducted using modified procedures
should be reported as having
deviated from the guide.
These procedures are applicable to all chemicals either individually
or in formulations, commercial
products or mixtures that can be measured accurately at the necessary
concentrations in water. With
appropriate modification these procedures can be used to conduct tests
on the effects of
temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, physical agents, and on materials
such as aqueous effluents (see
Guide E 1192), surface and ground waters, leachates, aqueous extracts
of water-insoluble materials,
and solid phase samples, such as soils and sediments, particulate
matter, sediment, and whole bulk
soils and sediment.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
This guide is arranged as follows:
Footnote 2 - The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of
references at the end of the
text.
Keywords:
- amphibia
- developmental toxicity
- FETAX
- screening test
- short-term chronic test
- teratogenicity
- Xenopus
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