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API PUBL 4262 Document Information:
Title
Methanol Vehicle Emissions
American Petroleum Institute
Publication Date:
Jan 1, 1990
Scope:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This publication (a) identifies and presents empirical data on emissions from methanol vehicles and
(b) compares and evaluates emissions trends among various types of methanol vehicles over time.
These emissions data are necessary to assess the impact of methanol use on ozone levels.
Researchers have tested emissions from methanol vehicles since the early 1970s, but these data have
not been fully and systematically compiled, This report provides a systematic, comprehensive
compilation and analysis of these data, taken from every major study of methanol vehicles for at
least the last 10 years. It includes emissions measurements for 69 vehicles and organizes the data
into logical subgroups that permit analysis of important emissions hypotheses.
Many of the data collected are characterized by significant uncertainties. For example, different
techniques were used to measure the same kind of emission. The data are accepted at face value,
though there is some indication in the literature that measurement bias has been a problem for some
test procedures. Also, the data were collected from vehicles that had received care beyond what
vehicles in ordinary, everyday use would receive. For example, these vehicles were more reliably
maintained and repaired. This often meant replacement of key engine and emission control
components. For this reason, the emissions data reported in this publication probably reflect
better performance from the methanol vehicles than would be expected in common, everyday use.
Some of the emissions data collected in this report were not accompanied by odometer readings. This
was a key factor in the analysis, since a lack of odometer readings made understanding of the
emissions data problematic. Thus, while all of the data collected are included in Appendixes A and
B, only the data with odometer readings were analyzed. Tailpipe emissions data with odometer
readings were available for 54 of the 69 vehicles. A subset of this data, covering 31 of the 54
vehicles, was also analyzed.
The subset of 31 vehicles included data that were more complete, uniform, and directly comparable.
Vehicles were only included when organic emission species and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were
measured, when vehicles were tested in their normal emission control configurations, when emissions
were measured following catalyst stabilization, and when either M85 or M100 was used as the test
fuel. By applying this more restrictive set of rules, we could learn more about the performance of
subsets of vehicles classified by manufacturer, vintage, technology, and type of fuel used. We
could also see relationships and trade-offs relating to the control of more than one kind of
emission.
Despite the limitations of the data, our analysis supports several conclusions.
For M85 vehicles, those that operate on an 85-percent methanol/15-percent gasoline blend, there are
sufficient recent data to characterize emissions. The data show some improvement in emissions
performance for the second-generation M85 vehicles. This improvement offers encouragement that
utilitarian M85 vehicles could be built that would satisfy most of the emissions criteria of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB). The data
also indicate, however, that a number of emission problems and unanswered questions remain:
a. Even at low mileage, M85 vehicles almost always exceeded the 50,000-mile 1993 California
tailpipe standard of 15 milligrams per mile for formaldehyde emissions. Average formaldehyde
emissions were about three times higher than this standard. At various test mileages, the older,
1981 - 1985 models had measured formaldehyde emissions below the California standard level in only
6 percent of the tests. The newer, 1986 - 1988 models were only slightly better, meeting the
standard level in about one of four tests.
b. M85 vehicles typically had nitrogen oxide emissions that were less than the 50,000-mile federal
standard of 1.0 gram per mile, but they were only rarely able to meet the more stringent
50,000-mile California standard of 0.4 gram per mile, even at low mileage. Even the 1986 - 1988
models performed poorly, testing below the 0.4-gram-per-mile level just 10 percent of the time at
various mileages.
c. There was substantial improvement in meeting the 50,000-mile federal tailpipe standard of 0.41
gram per mile for organic emissions. Although the 1981 - 1985 models met this level in only 40
percent of the tests, the 1986 - 1988 models did so 90 percent of the time. However, even these
newer vehicles were able to meet the 50,000-mile 1993 California standard level of 0.25 gram per
mile only 40 percent of the time. No methanol vehicle was able to meet the California standards for
hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions simultaneously.
d. There was also substantial improvement in meeting the 50,000-mile federal standard for carbon
monoxide of 3.4 grams per mile. The 1981 - 1985 models met the standard level about 40 percent of
the time at various mileages. The 1986 - 1988 models met the standard level in more than 80 percent
of the tests.
e. At the mileages tested, M85 vehicles were generally able to meet the 50,000-mile federal
standard of 2 grams per test for total organic evaporative emissions.
For M100 vehicles, that is, methanol vehicles operating on pure methanol, the data are sparse and
inadequate. Few M100 vehicles have been tested, and almost no data exist for M100 vehicles that
performed acceptably or were driven more than 15,000 miles in fleet tests. What data exist do not
show emissions benefits substantially in excess of those demonstrated on M85 vehicles. Thus, the
benefits of a program substituting M100 for gasoline cars are entirely speculative. Further, the
driveability and overall utility of dedicated M100 vehicles have yet to be demonstrated.
Very limited, recent data on the more advanced prototype M85 and M100 vehicles and catalysts were
analyzed separately. They show very low organic emissions at low mileage. However, these data fail
to answer questions about emissions control durability and continue to indicate difficulty in
lowering organic and NOx emissions simultaneously.
This report does not discuss a key question: whether future, practical methanol vehicles could
reduce ozone-forming organic compounds more than future, practical gasoline vehicles. The question
cannot be answered for M100 vehicles because of a lack of data from utilitarian prototypes. The
data for M85 vehicles suggest that they could produce low levels of total organic emissions.
However, today's most advanced gasoline vehicles also emit low levels of organic compounds - well
below existing standards. Moreover, gasoline fuel reformulation will improve the emissions
performance of 1990s gasoline vehicles. Thus, either future gasoline or future M85 vehicles could
contribute substantially to pollution reduction.
The following sections present an analysis of methanol emissions data and measurement techniques.
Section 2 discusses the methanol emissions data. Section 3 considers the issue of measurement of
methanol vehicle emissions. Section 4 analyzes emission trends. Section 5 presents conclusions.
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