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ASTM D 6066 Document Information:
Title
Standard Practice for Determining the Normalized Penetration Resistance of Sands for Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential
ASTM International
Publication Date:
Dec 10, 1996
Scope:
This practice outlines a procedure to obtain a record of normalized
resistance of sands to the
penetration of a standard sampler driven by a standard energy for
estimating soil liquefaction
potential during earthquakes. The normalized penetration resistance
determined in this practice may
be useful for determination of other engineering properties of sands.
This practice uses Test Method D 1586 with additions and modifications
to minimize disturbance of
saturated loose cohesionless sands during drilling. This practice
combines results of Test Method D
1586 and interprets the data for normalization purposes.
Due to inherent variability of the SPT, guidance is given on test
configuration and energy
adjustments. Penetration resistance is adjusted for energy delivered
in the penetration test.
Energy adjustments can be estimated or measured and reported.
Standard practice for normalizing penetration resistance values is
given. Penetration resistance
data are normalized to a standard overburden stress level.
The normalized penetration resistance data may be used to estimate
liquefaction resistance of
saturated sands from earthquake shaking. Evaluation of liquefaction
resistance may be applied to
natural ground conditions or foundations for either planned or
existing structures.
Using this practice representative disturbed samples of the soil can
be collected for
identification purposes.
This practice is limited to use in cohesionless soils (see Test Method
D 2487 and classifications
of SM, SW, SP, SP-SM, and SW-SM Practice D 2488). In most cases,
testing is performed in saturated
deposits below the water table. In some cases, dry sands may be tested
(see 5.4). This practice is
not applicable to lithified materials or fine grained soils. Gravel
can interfere with the test and
result in elevated penetration resistance values. Normalization of
penetration resistance values
for gravelly soils is beyond the scope of this practice.
Penetration resistance measurements often will involve safety
planning, administration, and
documentation. This practice does not purport to address all aspects
of exploration and site
safety. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety
and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
Performance of the test usually involves use of a drill rig;
therefore, safety requirements as
outlined in applicable safety standards. For example, OSHA
regulations,(Footnote 2) DCDMA safety
manual,(Footnote 3) drilling safety manuals, and other applicable
state and local regulations must
be observed.
The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
Within the text, the SI
units, are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are
not equivalents, therefore,
each system must be used independently of the other.
In pressure correction calculations, common units are ton/ft²,
kg/cm², atm, and bars.
Since these units are approximately equal (within a factor of 1.1),
many engineers prefer the use
of these units in stress correction calculations. For those using kPa
or kN/m², 100 kPa is
approximately equal to one ton/ft². The stress exponent, n, (see
3.3.1) is approximately equal
for these units.
This practice may not be applicable in some countries, states, or
localities, where rules or
standards may differ for applying penetration resistance to
liquefaction estimates. Other practices
exist for estimating soil instability from penetration resistance
data. Procedures may change with
advances in geotechnical engineering. It is dependent on the user in
consultation with experienced
engineers to select appropriate methods and correction to data. In
earthquake engineering studies,
many phenomena can affect soil instability. The practice reflects only
one current exploration
technique and method for normalizing penetration resistance data to a
common level for comparisons
to case history information.
This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more
specific operations. This
document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in
conjunction with professional
judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all
circumstances. This ASTM
standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care
by which the adequacy of a
given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be
applied without
consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard"
in the title of this document
means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM
consensus process.
Footnote 2 - Available from OSHA, 1825 K. Street, NW, Washington, DC
20006.
Footnote 3 - Available from the Drilling Equipment Manufacturers
Association, 3008 Millwood Avenue,
Columbia, SC 29205.
Keywords:
- earthquakes
- liquefaction
- penetration resistance
- standard penetration test
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