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ASTM D 4814 REV A Document Information:
Title
Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
ASTM International
Publication Date:
Aug 1, 2008
Scope:
This specification covers the establishment of requirements of
automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition
engines.
This specification describes various characteristics of
automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions.
It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance
of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at
the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through
Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each
geographical area except Alaska and Hawaii. Variation of the
antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is
discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarily
includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive
vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform
unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain
equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this
specification is shown in Appendix X1.
The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification
are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and
ethers. This specification does not apply to fuels that contain an
oxygenate as the primary component, such as Fuel Methanol (M85).
The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically
limited in this specification. However, depending on oxygenate
type, as oxygenate content increases above some threshold level,
the likelihood for vehicle problems also increases. The composition
of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and
technical consideration, but their properties, including
volatility, are defined by this specification. In addition, the
composition of unleaded fuel is subject to the rules, regulations,
and Clean Air Act waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility,
this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA
rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for
discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and
phosphorous contents, deposit control additive certification, and
use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA
for the latest versions of the rules and additional
requirements.
This specification does not address the emission characteristics
of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated
spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower
emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are
described in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition
engine fuel.2 However, in addition to the legal
requirements found in this research report, reformulated
sparkignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements
found in this specification.
This specification represents a description of automotive fuel
as of the date of publication. The specification is under
continuous review, which can result in revisions based on changes
in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a combination
thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer
to the latest edition.
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of
Specification D 4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.
Tests applicable to gasoline are not necessarily applicable to
its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type of fuel under
consideration must first be identified in order to select
applicable tests. Test Method D 4815 provides a procedure for
determining oxygenate concentration in mass percent. Test Method D
4815 also includes procedures for calculating mass oxygen content
and oxygenate concentration in volume percent. Appendix X4 provides
a procedure for calculating the mass oxygen content of a fuel using
measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in volume percent,
and measured density or relative density of the fuel.
The following applies to all specified limits in this standard:
For purposes of determining conformance with these specifications,
an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded "to the
nearest unit" in the right-most significant digit used in
expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding
method of Practice E 29. For a specification limit expressed as an
integer, a trailing zero is significant only if the decimal point
is specified. For a specified limit expressed as an integer, and
the right-most digit is non-zero, the right-most digit is
significant without a decimal point being specified. This
convention applies to specified limits in Tables 1, 3, and Table
X8.1, and it will not be observed in the remainder of this
specification.
The values stated in SI units are the standard, except when
other units are specified by federal regulation. Values given in
parentheses are provided for information only.
NOTE 2—Many of the values shown in Table 1 were originally
developed using U.S. customary units and were subsequently
softconverted to SI values. As a result, conversion of the SI
values will sometimes differ slightly from the U.S. customary
values shown because of round-off. In some cases, federal
regulations specify non-SI units.
The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test
method portion, Annex A1, of this specification. This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of
this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
use.
2 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM
International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting
Research Report RR:D02-1347.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this
standard.
Keywords:
- alcohol
- antiknock index
- automotive fuel
- automotive gasoline
- automotive spark-ignition engine fuel
- copper strip corrosion
- corrosion
- distillation
- driveability
- Driveability Index
- EPA regulations
- ethanol
- ether
- fuel
- gasoline
- gasoline-alcohol blend
- gasoline-ethanol blend
- gasoline-ether blend
- gasoline-oxygenate blend
- induction period
- lead
- leaded fuel
- methanol
- MTBE
- octane number
- octane requirement
- oxidation stability
- oxygenate
- oxygenate detection
- phase separation
- phosphorous
- solvent-washed gum
- sulfur
- TV/L = 20
- unleaded fuel
- vapor-liquid ratio
- vapor lock
- vapor pressure
- volatility
- water tolerance
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