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API PUBL 800 Document Information:
Title
Literature Survey Subsurface and Groundwater Protection Related to Petroleum Refinery Operations
American Petroleum Institute
Publication Date:
Sep 1, 1988
Scope:
This report is the principal product of a study under contract to the
American Petroleum Institute
(API) to prepare the background basis for development of a series of
monographs on subsurface and
groundwater protection at petroleum refineries.
The study was designed to determine by a literature search what
information has been published
relating to the impact of petroleum refinery operations on subsurface
soils and on groundwater with
special reference to potential contamination problems. The study
addresses this overall objective
in the following phases:
1. Conducting a detailed literature search for existing publications,
reports, papers, etc. that
address specific topics enumerated in the initial outline prepared by
the API (Table 1).
2. Preparation of an annotated bibliography for each pertinent
literature citation based upon a
review of the publications.
3. Supplying copies of the literature cited in the annotated
bibliography.
4. Identifying topics for which no literature could be found and
additional topics identified
during the study for which literature is available and which are
pertinent to refinery groundwater
and subsurface soil considerations.
In accordance with the objectives of the study, this report contains:
(1) an explanation of how the
literature search was conducted, (2) annotations for pertinent
articles, (3) a list of references
including articles annotated and articles reviewed but not annotated,
(4) a discussion of
applicable Federal Statutes and Regulations, and annotations for
pertinent regulatory programs
under the five principal statutes that apply to petroleum refinery
operations, and (5) a discussion
of elements of the Refinery Groundwater and Subsurface Outline for
which few or no references were
found.
With respect to Item 4, the principal area in which the literature is
notably deficient is low
toxicity inorganic wastes produced at refineries. Other than textbook
and manual coverages, the
literature search yielded few references to common refinery
contaminants of low toxicity, such as
sulphides, chloride, phenols and nitrogen compounds, and spent acids
and alkalis. Although these
compounds make up the bulk of potential pollutants from refineries,
they are handled routinely in
wastewater treatment systems and are not generally perceived by the
public or regulators as posing
severe problems requiring remediation. This tolerant perception is
likely to change, however,
especially with respect to phenol compounds. Phenol, for example, is
classed a hazardous chemical
and was included in the list of priority pollutants under Section 110
of SARA (Superfund Amendments
and Reauthorization Act), which may require regulation under the Safe
Drinking Water Act. The
federal water qualify criteria for carcinogenic risk at the
10−5 level is 3.5 ug/l for
phenol. Furthermore, at least 23 states include phenol in Water
Quality Standards or Criteria for
protection of aquatic life.
Liquid effluents generally are treated by physical separation of oily
components, chemical
flocculation, and biological treatment (including biooxidation,
trickling filters, or activated
sludge treatment). The cleaned water, containing dissolved inorganic
matter generally is discharged
to surface waters, leaving a residue of organic and inorganic sludge
consisting of mineral
particles, recalcitrant organic compounds, and metals (mainly
chromium, lead, and zinc). The sludge
is commonly disposed of by land farming, which allows further
biodegradation of recalcitrant
organics including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Solid refinery wastes comprise a wide range of materials in addition
to sludges, including spent
metal catalysts, treatment clays, filter cake, ash, silt, etc. Some of
these materials, such as
spent metal catalysts, have value and, therefore, are recycled.
However, most other solids have
little salvage value, and if nonhazardous are disposed of mainly as
landfill.
Information on the treatment and disposal of inorganic liquid and
solid waste is scattered
throughout the sanitary engineering literature and commonly is not
identified as refinery or
petroleum industry waste. Searching the literature for references only
indirectly applicable to
impacts of petroleum refining on groundwater would not be
cost-effective in view of the ready
availability of information on industrial waste treatment in textbooks
and manuals.
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