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API SPEC 16D Document Information:
Title
Specification for Control Systems for Drilling Well Control Equipment and Control Systems for Diverter Equipment
American Petroleum Institute
Publication Date:
Jul 1, 2004
Scope:
GENERAL
These specifications establish design standards for systems, that are
used to control blowout
preventers (BOPs) and associated valves that control well pressure
during drilling operations. The
design standards applicable to subsystems and components do not
include material selection and
manufacturing process details but may serve as an aid to purchasing.
Although diverters are not
considered well control devices, their controls are often incorporated
as part of the BOP control
system. Thus, control systems for diverter equipment are included
herein. Control systems for
drilling well control equipment typically employ stored energy in the
form of pressurized hydraulic
fluid (power fluid) to operate (open and close) the BOP stack
components. Each operation of a BOP
or other well component is referred to as a control function. The
control system equipment and
circuitry vary generally in accordance with the application and
environment. The specifications
provided herein describe the following control system categories:
a. Control systems for surface mounted BOP stacks. These systems are
typically simple
return-to-reservoir hydraulic control systems consisting of a
reservoir for storing hydraulic
fluid, pump equipment for pressurizing the hydraulic fluid,
accumulator banks for storing power
fluid and manifolding, piping and control valves for transmission of
control fluid to the BOP stack
functions.
b. Control systems for subsea BOP stacks (common elements). Remote
control of a seafloor BOP stack
requires specialized equipment. Some of the control system elements
are common to virtually all
subsea control systems, regardless of the means used for function
signal transmission.
c. Discrete hydraulic control systems for subsea BOP stacks. In
addition to the equipment required
for surface-mounted BOP stacks, discrete hydraulic subsea control
systems use umbilical hose
bundles for transmission of hydraulic pilot signals subsea. Also used
are dual subsea control pods
mounted on the LMRP (lower marine riser package), and housing pilot
operated control valves for
directing power fluid to the BOP stack functions. Spent water-based
hydraulic fluid is usually
vented subsea. Hose reels are used for storage and deployment of the
umbilical hose bundles. The
use of dual subsea pods and umbilicals affords backup security.
d. Electro-hydraulic/multiplex control systems for subsea BOP stacks.
For deepwater operations,
transmission subsea of electric/optical (rather than hydraulic)
signals affords short response
times. Electro-hydraulic systems employ multi-conductor cables, having
a pair of wires dedicated to
each function to operate subsea solenoid valves which send hydraulic
pilot signals to the control
valves that operate the BOP stack functions. Multiplex control systems
employ serialized
communications with multiple commands being transmitted over
individual conductor wires or fibers.
Electronic/optical data processing and transmission are used to
provide the security of codifying
and confirming functional command signals so that a stray signal,
cross talk or a short circuit
should not execute a function.
e. Control systems for diverter equipment. Direct hydraulic controls
are commonly used for
operation of the surface mounted diverter unit. Associated valves may
be hydraulically or
pneumatically operated.
f. Auxiliary equipment control systems and interfaces. For floating
drilling operations, various
auxiliary functions such as the telescopic joint packer, 30 in.
latch/pin connection, riser annulus
gas control equipment, etc., require operation by the control system.
These auxiliary equipment
controls, though not specifically described herein, shall be subject
to the relevant specifications
provided herein and requirements for similar equipment.
g. Emergency disconnect sequenced systems (EDS). (Optional) An EDS
provides automatic LMRP
disconnect when specific emergency conditions occur on a floating
drilling vessel. These controls,
though not specifically described herein, shall be subject to the
relevant specifications provided
herein and requirements for similar equipment.
h. Backup Systems (Optional). When the subsea control system is
inaccessible or non-functional, an
independent control system may be used to operate selected well
control, disconnect, and/or
recovery functions. They include acoustic control systems, ROV
(Remotely Operated Vehicle) operated
control systems and LMRP recovery systems. For surface control
systems, a reserve supply of
pressurized nitrogen gas can serve as a backup means to operate
functions in the event that the
pump system power supply is lost. These controls, though not
specifically described herein, shall
be subject to the relevant specifications provided herein and
requirements for similar equipment.
i. Special deepwater/harsh environment features (Optional). For
deepwater/harsh environment
operations, particularly where multiplex BOP controls and dynamic
positioning of the vessel are
used, special control system features may be employed. These controls,
though not specifically
described herein, shall be subject to the relevant specifications
provided herein and requirements
for similar equipment.
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