NIST Develops Rapid Method for Judging Nanotube Purity
March 5, 2007 // Published as a news service by IHS
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Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed a sensitive method for rapidly assessing the quality of carbon nanotubes.
Initial feasibility tests show that the method is not only faster than the standard analytic technique, but also effectively screens much smaller samples for purity and consistency, and better detects sample variability.
Carbon nanotubes have unique properties, as well as thermal and electrical conductance which could be useful in fields such as aerospace, microelectronics and biotechnology.
However, experts said these properties may vary widely depending on nanotube dimensions, uniformity and chemical purity.
Nanotube samples typically contain a significant percentage of more ordinary forms of carbon, as well as metal particles left over from catalysts used in manufacturing.
The new NIST method involves spraying nanotube coatings onto a quartz crystal, gradually heating the coated crystal and measuring the change in its resonant frequency as different forms of carbon vaporize.
The frequency changes in proportion to the mass of the coating, and scientists use this as a measure of stability at different temperatures to gauge consistency among samples.
The quartz crystal technique, which can reveal mass changes of just a few nanograms, is already used in other contexts to detect toxic gases and measure molecular interactions.
NIST researchers tested dozens of samples from a batch of commercial single-walled carbon nanotubes, comparing results of the new method with those from a standard technique - thermogravimetric analysis - and confirming results with scanning electron microscopy.
Both methods revealed that the samples contained large amounts of amorphous carbon, as well as residual metal particles. But the quartz crystal method could obtain results from just micrograms of material, compared to milligrams for thermogravimetric analysis. The new technique also uses simpler equipment.
Although the differences among nanotube samples may appear subtle, scientists said they may still affect product viability, because even small variations in material composition can affect electrical and thermal behavior, and lack of uniformity may demand higher loads of nanotubes, which are expensive. NIST scientists carried out the tests with the help of students from the University of Colorado-Boulder and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.
Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).